Memory with weighted multi-page read

ABSTRACT

A memory device is described that provides increased output data to help evaluate data errors from bit line coupling and floating gate coupling during a read operation. Multiple rows, or pages, of data are read to allow an internal or external decoder to evaluate memory cell data.

PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/189,726, filed Jul. 25, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/267,308, filed Nov. 7, 2008, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,990,763, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/276,477, filed on Mar. 1, 2006, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,453,723, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to non-volatile memory devices and, more particularly, to flash memory devices.

BACKGROUND

Flash memory is non-volatile, which means that it stores information on a semiconductor in a way that does not need power to maintain the information in the chip. Flash memory stores information in an array of transistors called “cells,” each of which traditionally stores one or more bits of information. Current flash memory devices are made in two forms: NOR flash and NAND flash. The names refer to the type of logic used in the storage cell array.

A flash cell is similar to a standard MOSFET transistor, except that it has two gates instead of just one. One gate is the control gate (CG) like in other MOS transistors, but the second is a floating gate (FG) that is insulated all around by an oxide layer. The FG is between the CG and the substrate. Because the FG is isolated by its insulating oxide layer, any electrons placed on it get trapped there and thus store the information.

When electrons are trapped on the FG, they modify (partially cancel out) an electric field coming from the CG, which modifies the threshold voltage (Vt) of the cell. Thus, when the cell is “read” by placing a specific voltage on the CG, electrical current will either flow or not flow between the cell's source and drain connections, depending on the Vt of the cell. This presence or absence of current can be sensed and translated into 1's and 0's, reproducing the stored data.

Memory cells of memory devices are typically arranged in an array with rows and columns. Generally, the rows are coupled via a word line conductor and the columns are coupled via a bit line conductor. During data read and write functions, voltage coupling between bit lines can influence proper memory operation. Further, close physical proximity of memory cells can result in floating gate to floating gate coupling. Again, coupling can influence proper memory operation and data accuracy.

For reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need for methods and devices to read non-volatile memory devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a memory device according to embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified portion of a NAND flash memory array of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of an array of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart according to an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart according to an embodiment.

DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, different embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

As recognized by those skilled in the art, memory devices of the type described herein are generally fabricated as an integrated circuit containing a variety of semiconductor devices. The integrated circuit is supported by a substrate. Integrated circuits are typically repeated multiple times on each substrate. The substrate is further processed to separate the integrated circuits into dice, as is well known in the art. The figures are provided to help facilitate an understanding of the detailed description, are not intended to be accurate in scale, and have been simplified. The term conductor as used herein is intended to include conductors and semi-conductors, including but not limited to metals, metal alloy, doped silicon and polysilicon.

The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an integrated circuit memory device 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The memory device 100 includes an array of non-volatile floating gate memory cells 102, address circuitry 104, control circuitry 110, and Input/Output (I/O) circuitry 114. The memory cells are also referred to as Flash memory cells because blocks of memory cells are typically erased concurrently, in a flash operation.

The memory device 100 can be coupled to a processor 120 or other memory controller for accessing the memory array 102. The memory device 100 coupled to a processor 120 forms part of an electronic system. Some examples of electronic systems include personal computers, peripheral devices, wireless devices, digital cameras, personal digital assistants (PDA's) and audio recorders.

The memory device 100 receives control signals across control lines 122 from the processor 120 to control access to the memory array 102 via control circuitry 110. Access to the memory array 102 is directed to one or more target memory cells in response to address signals received across address lines 124. Once the array is accessed in response to the control signals and the address signals, data can be written to or read from the memory cells across data, DQ, lines 126.

In addition to general memory functions, control circuit 110 performs a read operation on the memory cells. As explained below, the read operation can include accessing multiple rows or pages of data to allow for a more informed reading of data.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additional circuitry and control signals can be provided, and that the memory device of FIG. 1 has been simplified to help focus on the invention. It will be understood that the above description of a memory device is intended to provide a general understanding of the memory and is not a complete description of all the elements and features of a typical memory device.

FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified portion of a NAND flash memory array of one embodiment of FIG. 1. NAND Flash uses tunnel injection for writing and tunnel release for erasing. The NAND memory includes floating gate memory cells 220 coupled to source line 224, word lines 226 and a bit line 230. The cells are coupled in series between the bit line and source line. One or more bit line select transistors 240 are used to selectively isolate the cells from the bit and source lines.

In a read operation, a word line of a target (selected) memory cell can be maintained at a low voltage level. All unselected cell word lines are coupled to a voltage sufficiently high to activate the unselected cells regardless of their floating gate charge. If the selected cell has an uncharged floating gate, it is activated. The bit line and source line are then coupled through the series of memory cells. If the selected cell has a charged floating gate, it will not activate. The bit line and source lines, therefore, are not coupled through the series of memory cells.

Because of the close proximity of the memory cells, bit line coupling can be a problem during reading/sensing operations. That is, the length and close spacing of adjacent bit lines results in voltage noise on bit lines. In addition to bit line coupling, floating gate to floating gate coupling of adjacent rows, or pages, of memory cells can influence data storage and reading. Prior art light imager sensors often use data levels from neighboring pixels to interpolate a pixel level for a specific pixel. That is, one pixel is typically not independent of a neighboring pixel in that light does not abruptly change from pixel to pixel, but has a change gradient. Embodiments of the present invention recognize that although memory cell data can abruptly change from cell to cell, the close physical proximity of cells can be used advantageously to evaluate data which may have been altered by neighboring cells.

During a read operation, the memory device accesses an identified target cell, row, or page, of the memory array. In addition to the identified cell or row, the memory accesses one or more physically adjacent cells or rows of the array. The multiple rows of data are used to evaluate the data of the identified cells and possible data influences from the cells of adjacent row(s). It will be appreciated that the adjacent row(s) are based on physical location and not necessarily address proximity. For example, adjacent rows of a NAND memory array are typically assigned to different addressable pages.

The multiple pages of data are weighted and used to evaluate a page of data. The weighting function can be performed using a fixed weight value or custom weight functions. In one embodiment, the memory device is tested and custom (device specific) weighting data, or matrix, is calculated based upon actual memory cell influences. The weighting data can be stored in the memory device, such as in weighting register 130 of FIG. 1, or in an external location such as register 140 with processor 120.

In one embodiment, when reading a row of data, the weighting data can be applied to the accessed data by the memory device prior to outputting the data. In another embodiment, the weighting data is read from the memory to be applied by the external processor.

An example read operation is described with reference to the array 102 of FIG. 3. The array illustrated is one embodiment of the memory of FIG. 1 and is simplified to illustrate array data pages of embodiments of the invention and not actual physical construction of the array. In response to a read request for page P_(N), the memory accesses pages P_(N), P_(N+1) and P_(N−1) where P_(N+1) and P_(N−1) are physically adjacent to page P_(N). If P_(N) is located at an array edge with only one adjacent page, that page P_(N−1) is accessed.

Using the data from two or more pages the data value for a specified cell can be evaluated. The following examples illustrate some of the possible way to evaluate the data.

EXAMPLE I

This example applies weight values to the adjacent pages to account for page to page coupling. The weighted value is calculated as: Weighted P _(N)(i)=P _(N)(i)+W ⁻¹ P _(N−1)(i)+W ₊₁ P _(N+1)(i), where P_(N)(i) is the i^(th) cell in the P_(N) page, W⁻¹ is the weight value applied to cells of page P_(N−1) and W₊₁ is the weight value applied to cells of page P_(N+1).

EXAMPLE II

This example applies weight values to the adjacent pages to account for page to page coupling and coupling within the page. The weighted value is calculated as: Weighted P _(N)(i)=P _(N)(i)+W ⁻¹ P _(N−1)(i)+W ₊₁ P _(N+1)(i)+W _(A) P _(N)(i−1)+W _(B) P _(N)(i+1), where W_(A) is the weight value applied an adjacent cell P_(N)(i−1) on page P_(N) and W_(B) is the weight value applied another adjacent cell P_(N)(i+1).

EXAMPLE III

This example applies weight values to four adjacent pages to account for page to page coupling and coupling within the page. The weighted value is calculated as: Weighted P _(N)(i)=P _(N)(i)+W ⁻² P _(N−2)(i)+W ⁻¹ P _(N−1)(i)+W ₊₂ P _(N+2)(i)+W ₊₁ P _(N+1)(i)+W _(A) P _(N)(i−1)+W _(B) P _(N)(i+1).

EXAMPLE IV

This example applies weight values to two adjacent pages to account for page to page coupling from multiple cells. The weighted value is calculated as: Weighted P _(N)(i)=P _(N)(i)+[W ⁻¹ P _(N−1)(i)+W _(A−1) P _(N−1)(i−1)+W _(B+1) P _(N−1)(i+1)]+[W ₊₁ P _(N+1)(i)+W _(A−1) P _(N+1)(i−1)+W _(B+1) P _(N+1)(i−1)], where W_(A−1) is a weight value applied to cells P_(N−1)(i−1) and P_(N−1)(i−1) of adjacent pages and W_(B+1) is a weight value applied to cells P_(N−1)(i+1) and P_(N+1)(i+1).

The above examples illustrate different weighting equations that can be applied to evaluate data in a non-volatile memory device. The evaluation can include determining an influence factor of a second array page upon a first array page. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art with the benefit of the present description that additional equations can be formulated. The invention is therefore not limited to these specific examples.

A non-volatile memory device has been described that provides increased output data to help evaluate data errors from bit line coupling and floating gate coupling. Multiple rows, or pages, of data are read to allow an internal or external decoder to evaluate memory cell data.

Although embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: reading data from a specified page of memory cells; reading data from a page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells; applying a weight value to the data read from the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells to obtain weighted data; and combining the data read from the specified page of memory cells and the weighted data to evaluate integrity of the data read from the specified page of memory cells.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a weight value to the data includes applying, by a memory device, one or more weight values to the data read from the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells, wherein the memory device includes the specified page of memory cells and the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a weight value to the data includes applying the weight value to accessed data prior to outputting the accessed data from a memory device.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a weight value to the data includes applying one or more weight values to accessed data using a processor coupled to memory, and wherein the memory includes the specified page of memory cells and the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein applying the one or more weight values to the accessed data using a processor includes reading, by the processor, the one or more weight values from the memory and applying the one or more read weight values to the data read from the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein applying a weight value to the data includes applying, by a memory controller, one or more weight values to the data read from the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells, and wherein the one or more weight values are stored in the memory controller.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the data read from the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells is in a different row of memory cells than the data read from the specified page of memory cells.
 8. The method of claim 1, including: reading data from a second page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells; and applying a second weight value to the data read from the second page of memory cells to obtain second weighted data, wherein combining includes combining the data read from the specified page memory cells, the weighted data, and the second weighted data to evaluate the data read from the specified page of memory cells.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the specified page of memory cells, the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells, and the second page of memory cells, are each in different rows.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the specified page of memory cells is a first page of memory cells and the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells is a second page of memory cells, and wherein the method further includes: reading data from a third memory page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the second page of memory cells; and applying a second weight value to the data read from the third page of memory cells to obtain second weighted data, wherein combining the data includes combining the data read from the specified page memory cells, the weighted data, and the second weighted data to evaluate the data read from the specified page of memory cells.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein combining the data includes summing the data read from the specified page of memory cells and the weighted data to evaluate the data read from the specified page of memory cells.
 12. An apparatus comprising: a memory array including non-volatile memory cells; a control circuit configured to initiate a memory access operation to read data from a specified page of the memory cells and read data from a page of the memory cells of the memory array that is physically adjacent to the specified page of the memory cells; and weighting circuitry communicatively coupled to the control circuit and memory array, wherein the weighting circuitry is configured to apply a weight value to the data read from the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells to obtain weighted data, and combine the data read from the specified page of memory cells and the weighted data to evaluate integrity of the data read from the specified page of memory cells.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the control circuit is configured to read data from a second page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells, and wherein the weighting circuitry is configured to: apply a second weight value to the data read from the second page of memory cells to obtain second weighted data; and combine the data read from the specified page of memory cells, the weighted data, and the second weighted data to evaluate integrity of the data read from the specified page of memory cells.
 14. The apparatus of claim 12, including: a memory device; and a processor coupled to the memory device, wherein the memory array and the control circuit are included in the memory device and the weighting circuitry is included in the processor.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein one or more of the weight value and the second weight value are stored in the memory device.
 16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the memory array, the control circuit, and the weighting circuitry are included in a memory device.
 17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the memory includes multiple rows of memory cells, and wherein the data read from the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells is in a different row of memory cells than the data read from the specified page of memory cells.
 18. An electronic system including a memory device, the memory device comprising: a memory array including non-volatile memory cells, wherein the non-volatile memory cells are arranged as a plurality of pages of memory cells in addressable rows and columns; a control circuit configured to initiate a memory access operation to read data from a specified page of the memory cells and read data from a page of the memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells; and an output communicatively coupled to the control circuit and memory array and configured to: apply a weight value to the data read from the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells to obtain weighted data; and combine the data read from the specified page of memory cells and the weighted data to evaluate integrity of the data from the specified page of memory cells.
 19. The electronic system of claim 18, wherein the page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells is in a row of memory cells adjacent to a row memory cells of the specified page of memory cells.
 20. The electronic system of claim 18, wherein control circuit is configured to initiate a memory access operation to data read from the specified page of memory cells, data read from a page of memory cells of the memory array that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells, and data read from a second page of memory cells that is physically adjacent to the specified page of memory cells, and wherein the output is configured to: apply a second weight value to the data read from the second page of memory cells to obtain second weighted data; and combine the data read from the specified page of memory cells, the weighted data, and the second weighted data to evaluate integrity of the data read from the specified page of memory cells. 